People's Education Press High School Chemistry Compulsory Course Book 1: The Scope of Chemical Research and the Significance of Substance Classification

1. The Nature and Scope of Chemistry

Chemistry is a fundamental natural science that studies the composition, structure, properties, transformations, and applications of matter at theatomic and molecular levelIt not only reveals the diversity of the macroscopic world of matter but also delves deeply into its underlying microscopic logic. From protein synthesis within living organisms to the industrial production of alkali via the combined process, chemistry provides the foundational driving force for human understanding and transformation of the world.

2. Milestones in the Development of Modern Chemistry

Boyle (1661): Proposed the concept of elements, marking the birth of modern chemistry.
Lavoisier (1774): Proposed the theory of combustion by oxidation, overturned the phlogiston theory, and brought about a chemical revolution.
Dalton (1803) & Avogadro (1811): Independently proposed atomic and molecular theories, laying the theoretical foundation for the microscopic structure of matter.
Mendeleev (1869): Discovered the periodic law of elements, transforming chemical research from fragmented observations to systematic study.

3. Classification Thinking: Chemists' 'Navigation System'

Faced with tens of millions of substances in nature, classification serves as a logical bridge for studying their properties. By categorizing matter into pure substances and mixtures, and further subdividing them into elements, oxides, acids, bases, and salts, we can infer general characteristics of a class from the specific traits of individual substances, enabling predictions about the behavior of unknown materials.

QUESTION 1

[Reading Comprehension] Fuel cells have advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency and environmental friendliness. Which of the following statements about fuel cells is correct?

It primarily converts electrical energy into chemical energy

It can replace gasoline to provide power, demonstrating chemistry’s contribution to the energy field

Its byproducts cause serious atmospheric pollution

QUESTION 2

[Multiple Choice] Which of the following ionic equations is correct? ( )

$Ba(OH)_2$ reacting with dilute sulfuric acid: $Ba^{2+} + OH^- + H^+ + SO_4^{2-} = BaSO_4\downarrow + H_2O$

$Ba(OH)_2$ exactly neutralizing with dilute sulfuric acid: $Ba^{2+} + 2OH^- + 2H^+ + SO_4^{2-} = BaSO_4\downarrow + 2H_2O$

Reaction of iron with hydrochloric acid: $2Fe + 6H^+ = 2Fe^{3+} + 3H_2\uparrow$

QUESTION 3

[Fill-in-the-Blank] When preparing $O_2$ in the laboratory using hydrogen peroxide, potassium chlorate, or potassium permanganate as raw materials, what is the common feature of the core reaction?

They are all decomposition reactions and involve changes in elemental oxidation states

None require a catalyst

QUESTION 4

[Multiple Choice] 'Iron turns blue vitriol into copper' reflects iron's ability to displace copper. Which of the following classifications of substances involved in this reaction is correct?

Elemental iron is a reducing agent

The copper ions produced in the reaction belong to bases

Copper sulfate solution is a pure substance

QUESTION 5

[Multiple Choice] Among the following substances, which one contains only nonpolar covalent bonds? ( )

$HCl$

$NaOH$

$Cl_2$

$H_2O$